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Le HT, Hangiandreou N, Timmerman R, Rice MJ, Smith WB, Deitte L, Janelle GM. Imaging Artifacts in Echocardiography. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2016 Mar;122(122). 633-46.
Abstract
Artifacts are frequently encountered during echocardiographic examinations. An understanding of the physics and underlying assumptions of ultrasound processing involved with image generation is important for accurate interpretation of 2D grayscale, spectral Doppler, color flow Doppler, and 3D artifacts and their clinical implications.