Dr. Bonami has received a grant from the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF). This is a 3-year Strategic Research Agreement. Here is a summary of her research project: Abnormalities in the immune system are present long before Type 1 diabetes is diagnosed in the clinic, as indicated by the early presence of islet autoantibodies in the pre-symptomatic stages of the disease. We do not yet understand the immune system glitches that push B lymphocytes to inappropriately respond to islet autoantigens, engage autoreactive T cells, and morph into autoantibody-secreting cells. Our objectives are: 1) To immunologically define how B lymphocyte recognition of beta cells evolves during the early stages of disease, and 2) To discover which B lymphocyte subsets harbor insulin autoimmunity during the pre-symptomatic period. We expect this information about the early disease process to highlight novel characteristics of B lymphocytes to target for T1D prevention.

Our laboratory is focused on improving treatment oucomes in breast cancer (particularly triple-negative breast cancer) as well as in other solid tumors. To accomplish this, we integrate data from genomic and molecular profiling studies with molecular biology and signal transduction methodologies to translationally identify altered pathways in cancer, the functional consequences of these alterations, and ways to directly target them in patients to improve clinical outcomes and survival. These efforts span in silico (publically available databases), in vitro (cell culture), in vivo (mouse and human clinical studies) and in situ (histology) methods. We have a strong interest in the intersection between new immunotherapies and tumor cell signaling pathways.

We are currently exploring ways of targeting drug-resistant tumor cells which persist after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). NAC is used increasingly in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which does not express estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor or human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2) amplification. The purpose of NAC is to increase the patient's chances of undergoing breast-conserving surgery and to eliminate clinically silent micro-metastases. When employed, NAC results in pathological complete response (pCR) in about 30% of TNBC patients. These patients have a favorable recurrence-free and overall survival. The remaining patients with residual viable cancer in the breast or lymph nodes exhibit high rates of metastatic recurrence and an overall poor long term outcome.

Importantly, there are no approved therapies for use in TNBC patients with residual disease at surgery following NAC. For these patients, the standard of care is watchful waiting. In light of this, we performed molecular profiling of the residual disease from such patients in order to identify clinically actionable alterations that could be exploited therapeutically to reduce recurrence and mortality. From these studies, we have identified loss of dual specificity phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) in a significant percentage of post-NAC TNBCs (Balko et al, Nature Medicine, 2012) . DUSP4 is a phosphatase which negatively regulates the MEK and JNK signaling pathways and is a potential tumor suppressor. We have recently shown that DUSP4 regulates cancer stem cell-like phenotypes and chemotherapeutic resistance (Balko et al, Cancer Research, 2013). Furthermore, our mechanistic studies suggest that DUSP4-deficient breast tumor models are targetable by inhibitors of MEK or ERK.

We have also recently used targeted next-generation sequencing to characterize the spectrum of tumor-genome lesions in a series of 74 post-NAC TNBCs and have detected several potentially actionable molecular alterations (Balko et al, Cancer Discovery, 2014). Importantly, several of these alterations (including amplification of MCL1, JAK2, and loss of PTEN) are enriched in residual drug-resistant tumors after chemotherapy compared to primary untreated tumors. These data suggest additional actionable molecular targets which could be exploited in the adjuvant setting to reduce recurrence and improve survival of this devastating disease, and validation of these concepts will also be a continuing focus of the laboratory.

Dr. Doran’s research interest is in the cellular-molecular biology of cardiometabolic disease. In particular, she is interested in mechanisms by which the immune system modulates the development of advanced atherosclerosis and promotes the resolution of inflammation. In addition, she has a clinical interest in preventive cardiology and lipidology.

In our lab, we focus on the metabolic interactions that dictate the changes or resilience of the microbiota. Insight into such interactions would enable precise manipulation of gut microbiota composition, thus restoring a balanced community in situ and improving host health. To precisely manipulate the microbiota, we use a multidisciplinary discovery pipeline that consists of next-generation sequencing, bacterial genetics and a mechanistic understanding of bacterial physiology in vivo. This pipeline allows us to discover druggable targets of the microbiota and translate our finding using high-throughput screening.

In high-income countries, the leading causes of death are non-communicable diseases, such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), cancer and cardiovascular disease. An important feature of most non-communicable diseases is inflammation-induced gut dysbiosis characterized by a shift in the microbial community structure from obligate to facultative anaerobes such as Proteobacteria. This microbial imbalance can contribute to disease pathogenesis due to either a microbiota-derived metabolite being depleted or produced at a harmful concentration. However, little is known about the mechanism by which inflammation mediates changes in the host physiology to induce disruption of the microbial ecosystem in our large intestine leading to disease.

Our group uses a multidisciplinary approach combining microbiology, molecular biology, cell biology, immunology and pathology to try to understand how inflammation-dependent changes in gut epithelial metabolism can result in gut dysbiosis and increased risk to non- communicable disease. Specifically, we used a variety of mouse models, including diet-induced-obesity, chemical-induced colitis, infectious gastroenteritis (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhiumurium), and germ-free animals with the goal to identify metabolic pathways in the gut bacteria and in the host response to microbiota-induced metabolites that will aid in the prevention of human disease. The major questions in our lab include:

1. How high-fat diet-induced gut dysbiosis can promote increased risk for cardiovascular disease?
2. What is the contribution of exposure to antibiotics during early age in changes in colonic epithelial metabolism, prolonged intestinal dysbiosis and increased risk of weight gain?
3. Can we target colonic epithelial metabolism as a way to prevent the bloom of colon cancer-associated Enterobacteriaceae?

I am studying immunoengineering and immunometabolism in the Wilson and Rathmell labs. Specifically, I am aiming to engineer therapies that advantageously alter the metabolism of the immune system in the context of cancer and infection.

The Phillips lab studies the genetic, molecular, and cellular signals involved in T cell/HLA mediated Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions (SCAR) such as Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (SJS/TEN). Allopurinol, a commonly prescribed medication to treat gout, has been identified as one of the most common causes of SJS/TEN globally. My research project aims to define the immunogenomics and immunopathogenesis of allopurinol associated SJS/TEN

In the Weiss lab, I am currently developing a novel organoid protocol to study the role of PFAS in the development and progression of thyroid carcinomas